Relation between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate †Free Samples

Question: Talk about the Relation between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate. Answer: The way objective hypothesis of administration is a specific model which depends on the particular of a pioneers conduct or a style which is most appropriate for the representative and the workplace for accomplishing an objective. The objective is to build the inspiration of the representatives, cause their strengthening and furthermore fulfillment so as to become profitable individuals in the association (Hayyat Malik 2012). The way objective methodology depends on the anticipation hypothesis which clarifies the way that an individual will work with a particular goal in mind dependent on the desire that their demonstration will be trailed by a specific result. The way objective style of administration is the most significant procedure wherein the pioneers select specific practices which are most appropriate to the requirements of the workers. This is additionally important to direct their representatives and their needs to best guide them through the way which they have to follow to accomplish results (Antonakis and House 2013). In the given contextual investigation gave, the representatives are experienced and talented to play out specific assignments which relate to the requirements of the clients. The way objective methodology is fitting for this situation as the clients can get administrations dependent on their particular requests. Other administration styles, for example, value-based style, the free enterprise style, transformational style are not best in this specific case as the necessities and prerequisites of the contextual investigation as various. The definitive styles are not material as the workers need to accomplish individual explicit objectives in this specific case. References: Antonakis, J. what's more, House, R.J., 2013. The full-go authority hypothesis: The path forward. InTransformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead tenth Anniversary Edition(pp. 3-33). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Hayyat Malik, S., 2012. A Study of Relationship between Leader Behaviors and Subordinate Job Expectancies: A Path-Goal Approach.Pakistan Journal of Commerce Social Sciences,6(2).

Economics Essay Topics

Economics Essay TopicsThe word topic for an economics essay depends on the topic of your class, but it also varies from one situation to another. To find out what topics will be available to you in your course, start by contacting the office of the professor. In some classes, there will only be one or two topic questions, and they should be answered before you move on to the next essay prompt. Other classes may have a similar range of topics, and you will need to find a solution that suits you.The next thing you need to consider is how many essays you will need to prepare. If you have enough topics to cover all the topics you need, you can save a lot of time by writing your essays once and copying them to every paper. This can be useful, but you should also consider how you will be able to put together the topics you have prepared, or what you can do when the topic paper schedule changes.Because of the diverse needs of students, a large number of essays can be written at the same tim e, or in different ways. There are many ways you can organize the topics you have, including lists, mazes, or even worksheets. The only one of these approaches that should really be used for high school-level courses is the worksheet method.Most students will benefit from the basic approach, which consists of putting together a subject-related map, or grid, based on the teacher's instructions. A grid is a horizontal line or box that contains every topic you want to cover. The topic is placed in the center of the box, which is then read from right to left. Your readers will notice the topic of your essay, as well as the major points in your analysis.It can also help if you write each box in a different color, to make the topic stand out, but it should not take too much time, as the colors are easy to see in the grid format. When reading the topics in the grid, students should first notice whether there is more than one topic. By breaking it down in this way, you make it easier for th e students to focus on the main point you want to convey. After this, they can concentrate on the other topics.If there is a large amount of topics you want to cover, it can be easy to end up with several different versions of your essay. Therefore, you should look for good arguments, but do not forget about the other topics. Each has its own meaning and helps to construct your overall idea, so the other material can be added later.Regardless of the nature of your assignment, you will not want to overload yourself with several essays. Instead, you should write three or four essays, so that each one is its own topic. Remember that this project requires creativity, and you will want to write more than one essay, so make sure that each topic presents itself in a creative way.Economics essay topics can be simple, or they can be full of research and figures. They are important, and you need to choose the best one that suits your personal needs. Also, choose one topic that you have alread y done in other contexts.

Tips on How to Write a Good College Paper

Tips on How to Write a Good College PaperAre you looking for ways on how to write a good college paper? Then, read this article and learn some tips on how to write a good college paper.First of all, we will look at the importance of having an outline before writing a college paper. When you start a college paper, you will often have a rough draft that you can start with, which will help you make your paper a lot easier to finish.The next tip on how to write a good college paper is to have an outline. You need to know what you are going to talk about in your paper before you begin writing. So, you should always make sure that you know your topic before you begin writing the paper. And even if you get a topic at random, it is important to have an outline to help you write your paper.Another tip is to always start your paper with a paragraph form. This is to make sure that you don't go off topic and to ensure that you write in a straightforward manner.One last thing that you need to do when you are trying to write a good college paper is to spend some time practicing. This is to ensure that you can complete the paper in an efficient manner. If you spend a few minutes every day writing your paper then you will notice that your writing skills improve quite quickly.These tips are important if you want to be successful in writing a good college paper. It will be useful to practice writing by spending a few minutes every day, especially if you spend most of your time studying for your coursework.Lastly, don't forget to read other tips that you find in the internet, as there are many people out there who write many different types of papers. So, having one or two tips that work well can help you avoid mistakes and to get more experienced at writing a good college paper.Using these tips on how to write a good college paper should help you. So, start today and write a great paper.

A War to Preserve a Union - 1344 Words

President Abraham Lincoln, General William T. Sherman and Colonel Trowbridges differing perspectives of the Civil War created very unique views of the war. President Lincoln saw the war as a painful and necessary burden for him to bear. General Sherman saw the war as a tool to rid the United States of the rebels that were attempting to dissolve the Union. Finally Colonel Trowbridge viewed the war on a much more personal level. He witnessed first hand men fighting the government of their former masters for their freedom. While all three of the mens views differed, all three held a singular belief that the union must be preserved. That need to preserve the union was the justification for the war that the three men used. Abraham Lincolns only goal during the Civil War was the preservation of the Union. While he , â€Å"oft-expressed [the] personal wish that all men everywhere could be free,† he understood that the Union was more important than any one citizens freedom. He used th e powers granted to the executive branch by the Constitution to accomplish his goal of maintaining the Union. He viewed the war as a means to an end. President Lincoln was not eager to inflict the consequences of war on the American people. In his letter to Horace Greeley, Lincoln stated that he, â€Å"would save [the Union] the shortest way under the Constitution.† He was prepared to execute all powers granted to him by the Constitution, even if that meant going to war with the southern rebels. LincolnShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Relationship Between Lincolns Goals of Preserving the Union and Freeing the Slaves.1455 Words   |  6 PagesDBQ Civil War Essay In the time period of 1862 to 1865, when Lincoln takes office in March 4th to his assassination, the United States was dealing with the issues of preserving the Union. In determining whether Lincoln’s goals to preserve the Union by freeing the slaves, one must assess the knowledge of their relationship. Politically, President Lincoln tried to convince the political groups that abolishing slavery would help preserve the Union; intellectually, he gave the idea of ending slaveryRead MoreLincolns Efforts to Preserve the Union Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln’s efforts to preserve the Union To what extent did Lincoln’s economic, military, and political policies from 1861 to 1865 contribute to the preservation of the Union? Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860. As a president of the United States, Lincoln’s goal was to keep the Union together. The problem of slavery and the secession by the South are mainly the two issues that lead to the dissolve of the Union, in which Lincoln put all his efforts to deal with during his presidencyRead MoreHistory Of The Civil War Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesHistory of the Civil War, 1861–1865, by James Ford Rhodes The book I am writing my review on is ‘History of the Civil War’ by James Ford Rhodes. James was born on May 1, 1848, in Ohio City, Ohio which is now a part of Cleveland. James’ father was a very successful businessman and after James finished just one year of college he fallowed his father’s footsteps into business. James’ business turned out to be very successful and he was actually able to retire in 1884. He had a love for writing andRead MoreHow A Soldier Can Fight And Kill People From His Own Country1562 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Civil War was gruesome war that was fought between a country divided. Abraham Lincoln once said â€Å"A house divided against itself cannot stand.† Even though we were all brought together as one nation, these two sides were polarized by their environment and beliefs. This war that tore apart a country, costed more than six hundred thousand lives. The Civil War altered history and is still relevant in th e present. A big question people have today is how a soldier can fight and kill peopleRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War964 Words   |  4 Pagesone sole cause of the Civil War but there were many events that took the country to war and put brother against brother and states against states. Abraham Lincoln wanted to preserve the union and that could only be attained by civil war. Slavery which was an underlying cause for the war played its role in the division that divided the North against the South. Ultimately the preservation of the union, slavery and the consequences and conflicts leading to the Civil War all rested on President Lincoln’sRead MoreAbraham Lincoln Rhetorical Analysis998 Words   |  4 Pagespresident of the United States, was the president during the time of Civil War. This meant that he was tasked with the responsibility of getting America through the war in one piece, or as close to it as possible. During the war, he had two main goals- one, to preserve the Union and, two, to abolish slavery. These goals did not stay the same during the war, however they did remain close. President Abraham Lincoln’s goals in the civil war were changed because of Lincoln’s use of humor, literary ability,Read MoreDid the Civil War Ultimately reduce sectional antagonism and make the United States truly one nation?1111 Words   |  5 PagesPrior to Civil War, distinct Northern and Southern cultures had been established; The free North occupied the commercial industry, while the slavery-based South undertook an agricultural occupation. The South and the North began to fight over right and wrong. The major issue was regarding slavery, as the South wanted to preserve slavery while, the North wanted to get rid of it. These conflicts rose into sectional antagonism and eventually put the United States and President Lincoln in a loopholeRead MoreThe Civil War, Gallagher And Manning s Arguments On Slavery Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesDesp ite the differences in the primary reasons for Northerners in the war, Gallagher and Manning’s arguments align on certain aspects of slavery: both argue that in order for the Union to successfully win the war, slavery needed to be abolished. Gallagher argues that many northerners realized that in order to end the war and to rid nation of conflict and threat to the Union, slavery would need to be abolished. He argues, â€Å"Without slavery and the various issues related to its expansion, most whiteRead MorePresident Abraham Lincoln and Walt Whitman947 Words   |  4 Pagesto the war and politics before President Lincoln’s death, Whitman strained to restore the Union as a whole. Feeling obligated to participate in the war effort, Whitman secured a government position making â€Å"regular visit[s] [to] soldiers in war hospitals†(Constantkis). Whitman also participated in the Free Soil Party, a rising opposition to the progression and spread of slavery, and wrote political commentaries in his effort to strengthen the Union. These undertakings not only aided the Union, but alsoRead MoreThe Many Reasons For The Civil War1203 Words   |  5 PagesReason The Fought The Civil War began when the Southern Slave States seceded from the Northern Free States due to uncompromising polarity and formed the Confederate States of America. This four year war over the power of the national government to forbid slavery in the regions that hadn’t yet become states claimed more lives than any other war in American History. In his book, What They Fought For, 1861-1865, James McPherson examines the feelings and motives of both Union and Confederate soldiers to

The American Public School System - 960 Words

In the 17th century, the American public school system was founded and built upon early US colonists’ religious principle and ideologies, which were all a branch or sect of Christianity. The first tax-supported public school in the country in Dedham, Massachusetts was run by Reverend Ralph Wheelock who was a puritan priest. Schools in other parts of the English colonies were run by Jesuits, Catholics, Protestants, Lutherans, and the like. When new territory was claimed from the Native Americans, it was declared that the Native Americans were to be taught Christian ideology, and although enslaved and prevented from attending school, many African Americans were encouraged, or even coerced to adopt the Christian faith as well. At the beginning of every school day, mandatory prayers were recited from the Bible—like the Lord’s Prayer—and it was not until 1962 and 1963 that this was officially changed. This all began in 1955 when the New York Board of Regents ap proved an inclusive prayer to be used in the public school system. The prayer was â€Å"Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependency on Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our country.† Engel v. Vitale made it unlawful for the public recitation of the Regents’ Prayer in public schools. In the year following, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Abington School District v. Schempp that the corporate reading of the Bible and recitation of the Lord’s Prayer was unlawful in public schools.Show MoreRelatedThe American Public School System1712 Words   |  7 PagesIf American schools want meet the needs of the twenty-first century, they must be reinvented. It is not enough to fix the schools; they must be rebuilt in both fundamental and radical ways. The future of the American public school system is significant because the livelihood of an informed and productive citizen is vital to the future of this country. Historically, Americans have strongly asserted the importance of public schools in a democracy and despite the growing hatred for the face value ofRead MoreThe American Public School System1335 Words   |  6 Pagesto revamp the American public school system is in the hands of the state lawmakers. The Common Core State Standards Initiative is the soluti on to this crisis facing our country today. These standards provide a framework in our public schools to help better prepare students for college. Through the implementation of these standards here in the State of Florida we will be helping bring our young scholars to a globally competitive level where the sky is the limit. The crisis for public education reformRead MoreThe Future Of The American Public School System1344 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica s Schools are to meet the needs of the twenty first century, they must be reinvented. It is not enough to try to fix the schools; they must be reconstructed in both fundamental and radical ways. The school system must be restructured. The future of the American public school system is significant because the maintenance of an informed and productive citizenry is vital to the future of this country. Historically Americans have strongly asserted the importance of public schools in a democracyRead MoreThe Supreme Court On The American Public School System Essay1702 Words   |  7 PagesCourt would look at the First Amendment even until today. Although in this particular instance, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of religion and schools, this new definition of the First Amendment would go on to be used against religion in the American public school system for years to come until it would be almost entirely eradicated from public schools today. While many scholars have written on this case and have taken a stand on whether or not the interpretation is poor or good, they all agreeRead MoreA Free Public School System After The American Revolution826 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States first presented the idea of a free public school system after the American Revolution. In the late 1700s, the first American schools were established in the original thirteen colonies. Later in the 1800 century, African Americans began to have rights for attending public education with some strong boundaries. In Texas, the first law in 1840 established each county to put aside 17,000 acres of land for the construction of public school buildings. Five years later, the Texas constitutionRead MoreThe Corporate Side Of American Public Education And The Reformists Misled Beliefs That The School System1389 Words   |  6 PagesDiane Ravitch explores the corporate side of American public education and the reformists’ misled beliefs that the school system is in crisis. The school reforms in place are disguised as a means of improving public education, when in reality it has become an objective to â€Å"replace public education with a privately managed, free-market system of schooling† (Ravitch, p.4). Diane Ravitch supports her claim that the reformation movement has poor intentions with multiple sources of evidence. AmongRead MoreThe School System Of The United States961 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst Schoo l In a progressively more globalized world that necessitates more effective educational practices, the U.S., once the biggest global force in education, has seen its dominance slowly slip out, and its educational status fall even lower than that of several third-world countries. The decline experienced in American school system academic achievement is not as a result of lack of funding, but as a consequence of the overall educational system watering down. According to Gatto, educatingRead MoreThe Education System Of The American School System961 Words   |  4 Pages Against School In a progressively more globalized world that necessitates more effective educational practices, the U.S., once the biggest global force in education, has seen its dominance slowly slip out, and its educational status fall even lower than that of several third-world countries. The decline experienced in American school system academic achievement is not as a result of lack of funding, but as a consequence of the overall educational system watering down. According to Gatto, educatingRead MoreEssay Will School Vouchers Improve Public Schools?1082 Words   |  5 Pagesan area that American society cannot afford to ignore, as the discussion on voucher schools directly affects our youth, the very foundation of our country. Many cities across the United States have proposed school voucher programs in an effort to improve the education of inner-city children that come from low-income families. However, with this proposition arises certain questions that cannot be avoided. Although proponen ts of school vouchers argue differently, challengers of the system expressly stateRead MoreEssay on Private Schools Will Not Fix the American Education System1422 Words   |  6 PagesPrivate Schools Will Not Fix the American Education System    The American public education system was founded on the radical notion that all members of society should have equal access to education. Also crucial was the notion that a basic common education was essential for a true democracy. This revolutionary system is now in indisputable trouble. Many worry about America’s ability to compete with foreign countries while others address the growing dichotomy between the quality of education in

Accounting And Reporting On Sustainability - 1135 Words

Name: Subject: Instructor: Date: Accounting and Reporting on Sustainability Business sustainability has been concerned with the ensuring that organizations can implement various strategies that would contribute to the long term success of the business. Organizations that could act in a sustainable manner do not only create businesses that will live and survive for a long period of time, it will also maintain the well-being of the people and the planet as well. Leading companies are pretty much aware that their successful performance regarding sustainability is one of the key factors in their success. Investors are also interested to companies that promote sustainability with a focus on long term profitability as well as competitive advantage. Procter and Gamble Corporation was founded in 1837 in Cincinnati. The corporation was founded by William Procter, who was a candle maker along with his brother-in-law Gamble, who was a soap maker. Their combined venture sparked one of the most powerful and influential companie s in America which is later called Proctor and Gamble. Their first product was introduced in 1879. It was an ivory Soap. In the Year 2013, they have a net income of 11.31 billion U.S. dollars, total assets of 139.26 billion U.S. dollars, and a total equity of 68.06 billion U.S. dollars. The company’s products are divided into groups: beauty and grooming, and household care. The company has a target market of the customers from the middle up class. They alsoShow MoreRelatedAccounting And Reporting On Sustainability1132 Words   |  5 Pages: Accounting and Reporting on Sustainability Business sustainability has been concerned with the ensuring that organizations can implement various strategies that would contribute to the long term success of the business. Organizations that could act in a sustainable manner do not only create businesses that will live and survive for a long period of time, it will also maintain the well-being of the people and the planet as well. Leading companies are pretty much aware that their successful performanceRead MoreSustainability Accounting And Non Financial Reporting1052 Words   |  5 Pagesa newly established area in accounting, sustainability accounting and reporting extends the traditional model of financial and non-financial reporting to incorporate the company’s operational information, social and environmental activities, and their ability to deal with related risks. Not only do these acts have effects on society and the environment, but they also directly impact company’s financial statements. The most widel y accepted definition of sustainability that has emerged over time isRead MoreImplementation Of The International Financial Reporting Standards1385 Words   |  6 PagesTables 3.1 and 3.2 above exhibit the various local content sustainability indicators and their reporting procedures. Although the GRI is the most commonly used guideline, the two standards are often used together in a single sustainability report by oil companies . The present study combines these indicators and adopted a content analysis procedure to test whether there is any variation in the IOCs’ local content reporting before and after the enactment of the Nigeria’s local content law. The nextRead MoreThe International Integrated Reporting Council Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay has been requested by the one of the Big 4 accounting firms in New Zealand, in which they include Deloitte, Price Waterhouse Coopers, KPMG and Ernst and Young to prepare a contextual essay in relation to Integrated Reporting (). In this document, it will pay specific attention to explaining what is , it’s emergence and deliver a reasonable judgment as to whether it should develop the new form of regulated accounting practice in New Zealand within the next 5 years for KPMG. TheRead MoreContribution Of Accountancy On Sustainable Development1485 Words   |  6 Pages FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING THEORY | BBAC502 Group Assignment â€Æ' Topic # 1 CONTRIBUTION OF ACCOUNTANCY IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT â€Å"Bookkeepers will spare the world†, said Peter Bakker, the Chief Executive of of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The idea of sustainability includes working in a way that assesses an association s effects on the planet, its kin and what has to come. A developing number of bookkeeping scholastics have been lookingRead MoreAccounting Theory Assignment 21710 Words   |  7 PagesYEAR 2011 AFW 3040 – ACCOUNTING THEORY BY: SARAH WONG Assignment 2 – 1500-word Essay Topic: How social and environmental reporting practices undertaken by companies highlight the limitations of the conceptual framework. Introduction: Accountancy has always been concerned with mainly the accountability of directors to shareholders and companies to creditors. As companies grow larger and become more integrated with the society, this call for a focus towards sustainability and being accountableRead MoreGlobal Female Poverty and Sustainability Efforts1529 Words   |  6 PagesWith the world going to International Accounting Standards, poverty reduction is part of the sustainability efforts. It is suggested by (Sumner, 2005) that globalization of the worlds market economies is a root cause of increasing feminization poverty everywhere. The worlds poverty is mostly with women and minority groups, making gender and diversity a big part of sustainability. Sustainable development is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations toRead MoreFrameworks In Greenwashing913 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough sustainability reporting (Klettner, Clarke Boersma 2014; Soderstrom 2013). Accordi ngly, there has been an increase in organisations’ claiming their voluntary commitment to the international standards and frameworks for corporate sustainability – namely, the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)’s sustainability reporting guidelines (Klettner, Clarke Boersma 2014; Milne Gray 2013). According to Benn, Dunphy Griffiths’ (2014) sustainability phaseRead MoreCorporate Social Reporting ( Csr )1556 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Reporting (CSR) Abstract Organizations embark on social and environmental reporting for a variety of different reasons and not to simply improve credibility with stakeholders; although that is a primary reason in many organizations. However, other organizations have different objectives altogether that can include a range of different motivations. Some models have broken the range of motivations into signaling or greenwashing or used legitimacy theory to explain the motivationsRead MoreThe Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program1355 Words   |  6 Pagesa result, governments have enacted laws that limited the amount of pollution that a firm can release. One such law is the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, which in a nutshell, stipulates mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases released by certain firms. In regards to the program, what is it, and what is its purpose? How does this program relate to accounting, and what role do accountants play? How will this law affect businesses? With the trend in sustainabl e operations, firms will most likely

An Analysis of the Global Significance of the 2012 London Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony free essay sample

Introduction Sport is seen as the most desirable element of television viewing. It has played a significant role in the growth of television, especially during its emergence as a global technological innovation in the 1960s (Whannel, 2009:201). It can be agreed that television has transformed sport, in a way that it is rare to have one week without an international televised sporting event (Glenn, forthcoming). The live broadcasts of sporting events have the power to engage viewers with an embedded suspense of ‘who will win? It has been internationalized and become globalised in a way that fans in South Africa can follow the fortunes of Tour de France or the German Formula One Racing (Glenn, forthcoming). This essay will analyse how the live broadcast of the 2012 London Olympics Opening Ceremony constitutes as a media event and the global significance that it devotes to the host country. Definitions and Types To understand the concept of what constitutes as a media event, we us e the description given by Dayan and Katz (1992). According to these two authors, media events are monopolistic interruptions of routine. They intervene in the scheduled flow of broadcasting (1992:5) and stimulate viewers to turn to the event. These media events can be subdivided into three scripts as defined by Dayan and Katz (1992). However, this analysis of the 2012 LSOOC only constitutes for two of the ‘scripts’, more specifically ‘Coronations’ and ‘Contests’. Dayan and Katz (1992) define ‘Contests’ as â€Å"rule-governed battles† where individuals or teams compete for victory. These ‘battles’ include major sporting events such as the Olympic Games or presidential elections. They are recurrent rituals that are held every given season. Similar to ‘Contests’, ‘Coronations’ are also rituals. They proceed according to strict rules. However, these rules are governed by tradition as oppose to authority. ‘Coronations’ are ceremonial the â€Å"rites of passage† (1992:31) such as festivities and royal traditions. ‘Coronations’ accelerate the viewer’s anticipation of whether the event will succeed or be undermined as the result of a minor miscalculation. The opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games classifies as a Coronation in itself; as it glorifies the chosen country as a host and invites audiences to promote unity and celebrate tradition. Concurrently, mixed elements of Contests among the opening ceremonies of past Olympic Games and other mega sporting events are notable. Major-sporting events as a Media Events The Olympic Games are pre-planned in a way that it dominates the pages of major newspapers. This sporting event is promoted in a manner that it urges women to provide the necessary ‘viewing-orientated snack food for their menfolk’ (Whannel 2009:206). Media events that involve sport often become the occasion for carnivalesque behaviour, this includes: face painting, singing, parting and the wearing of eccentric costumes and headgear. At the 2012 London Olympic Games, South African supporters wore green and gold to represent the country along with festively adorned safety helmets and blew through long plastic horns to create uproar. However, It was noticed that when the host country’s team was no longer involved in the event as in the 2010 Fifa World Cup, although South Africa failed to qualify for the finals, the South African flag was still seen flying. This is a way in which support went to the African teams left in the tournament. This is a way in which support goes to teams perceived to be representative (Glenn, forthcoming). This sort of behaviour is motivated in and around public venues that provide large television screens for viewing pleasure. The manipulation of time and space has led to the accessibility of television in bars and restaurants which led to the construction of a world enabled public sphere. Consequently, the event itself becomes a dispersed occasion taking place not only at the sports arena, but also within homes and other public places. The Olympics Games The Olympic Games is a major internationalized media event, it highlights both summer and winter sports in which athletes from around the world can participate in. The Olympic Games are considered to be the worlds’ most notable contest with more than 200 nations competing. The Summer Olympic Games are held quadrennialy, meaning that the event occurs every four years. Media events are live television broadcasts. The rise of television has allowed for audiences to act as a witness to the spectacle. While sporting tournaments offer commentary to shape the spectators perceptions, ‘Contests’ and ‘Coronations’ invite the audience at home and at the live event to act as partisans and judges. The audience is then obligated to assess the team’s performance not only in the games, but also the display of the opening ceremony, in which the national identity of the country is unveiled. The Olympic Charter is a set of rules and guidelines for the Olympic Games, used to govern the Olympic movement. It promotes the fundamental principles of Olympism. According to the Olympic Charter (2011), Olympism describes the term coined to refer to a ‘philosophy of life’ that blends sports with education and culture. It strives for the educational value of being a good role model and the respect of universal ethics including: friendship, generosity, non-discrimination and respect for others. Consequently, the International Olympic Committee encourages that every series of Olympic Games be superior to the previous one. Impact of the Olympic Games on Host City The staging of a ‘mega-sports event’ such as the Olympic Games are seen as a major opportunity for the transformation of countries like China in 2008. The hosting of this event not only attracted a large amount of tourism, but it gave citizens the opportunity to travel to the host country and to promote unity and glorify the nation that they had come to retreat in. This enhanced the nation’s world status and built its reputation on a global stage. These media events can be identified by its tourism incentive, and its impacts on the host city. The effects can be either positive or negative. Ultimately, it tends to publically lead the host city towards a positive image even though it does not result in immediate economic benefits. Many theoreticians have argued that the staging of these events only result in negative impacts such as overcrowding increased taxes and a disruption in road works due to Olympic related building (Cashman, 2002:7). However, Cashman (2002) argues that the staging of the Olympic Games is in fact a matter of continuing â€Å"debate and controversy†. In the 2012 London Games there were a number of controversies that surrounded the Games, regarding as to whether issues of ‘cultural elements’ played a role in forming the 2012 iconography. Figure 1: London 2012 Olympics Emblem Figure 1 is a display of the emblem that was used to promote the London 2012 Olympic Games. The image was based on the year 2012 and designed in an aim to appeal to today’s ‘cyber-culture generation’. The debate that surrounded this emblem had received a lot of criticism. Some critics saw it as it resembling many things, from a jagged representation of the Nazi symbol to a sexual act performed by an animated sitcom character. When an official of the IOC committee was confronted, he had this to say: â€Å"The London 2012 logo represents the figure 2012, nothing else† (Borger, 2011). London as a host city London has hosted the games on two previous occasions, first in 1908 and then again forty years later in 1948. The games were also scheduled to be held in London in 1944 but were cancelled as a reaction of World War 2. The 2012 London Summer Olympics made it the third time that London had held the games. This signifies London as a world-leading and financially developed nation and that is seen as the power capital of the world. 2012 London Summer Olympics Opening Ceremony The opening ceremonies of major media events are amongst the most watched television events on the planet (The Vigilant Citizen, 2012). They are seen as an exceptional opportunity for the host country to restructure itself to the world. Traditionally, it celebrates the culture and history of the host nation. However, the 2012 LSOOC endured itself as a ritual display that celebrated the goals and symbolism of London as world elite capital. The opening ceremony of the 2012 London Summer Olympics was held on the 27 July 2012. It was entitled ‘Isle of Wonder’. The ceremony was designed by director of Slumdog Millionaire (2008), Danny Boyle. The ceremony focused on the history of Britain and the actors that influenced it. The ceremony commenced with an ancient land in England, and followed through the Industrial Revolution. The ceremony was told with the use of symbolic references that reminiscent the ‘occult’ history of Great Britain (The Olympics, 2012). The ceremony commenced with a green peasant land that was inspired by Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1610), which was also set on a dreamlike isle. It represented the rural ideal that gave way to the Industrial Revolution. This signified the nation’s importance of England’s Glastonbury Tor to the rest of the world. The height of the green land introduced an important change in England. The strive for the Industrial Revolution was heavily influenced by secret societies such as the Illuminati, this was represented by a display of men in top hats coordinating the transformation from a peasant land to an economic social system positioned in the 18th century. The rest of the opening ceremony emphasised on other national features such as the National Health System that glorifies Britain as a nation devoted to its people. The ceremony then concluded with the lighting of the Olympic Cauldron, which was composed of petals that represented each participating nation (The Olympics, 2012). In opposition to the 2012 LSOOC being the greatest show ever seen, Woods (2012) argues that London neglected the opportunity to showcase the negative aspects of Britain’s controversial history. The opening ceremony abandoned the chapter between the Industrial Revolution and World War 1 (1914), when Britain perpetually transformed global history. It could be said that the country is suffering from ‘collective amnesia’ as to whether this imperial past should be glorified or precluded. The ceremony was seen as a pled for a reconstruction of the ‘hermetic image’ of Britain. This patriarchal vision portrayed in the opening ceremony signified London as an impenetrable nation. Contradictory, without Britain’s colonial past the contemporary realm would be undefined to all. Therefore Britain remains an important sector of the world. The 2012 LSOOC confirmed that there is a manner to celebrate a controversial country’s history, without acknowledging its â€Å"imperial nostalgia†. Coverage of the Olympic Games Media Events has the ability to monopolise airwaves and interrupt ordinary broadcasting schedules. It demands the exclusive control over television rights as a strategy to maximise audience viewership and advertising revenue. In 1960, South Africa was banned from competing in the Olympic Games as a result of the apartheid era, the nation the returned to the Olympic scene in 1992. With the nation competing, mass audiences were immediately attracted and resulted in the monopolisation of South African television channels. The International Olympic Committee is committed to providing television coverage of the event to a worldwide audience. The 2012 London Olympic Games were broadcasted by a number of both local and international broadcasters. In South Africa, The South African Broadcasting Corporation (hereafter SABC) was granted as the official broadcaster of the 2012 London Olympic Games. The broadcasting organisation delivered the coverage of the Olympic Games across three television channels in all of the country’s’ official languages. SABC 2 was the home of the Olympic Games, while additional content was broadcasted on other channels. During the two weeks of the Olympic Games in London, viewers switched to social media to share their thoughts and experiences of the sporting spectacular. The rise of digital journalism in South Africa allowed for viewers to generate feedback n social media platforms. The display of the 2012 London Olympic Games opening ceremony left viewers in an awe as to how Rio would top the ceremony in 2016. Media mogul Rupert Murdoch (2012) said that the opening ceremony was a great success, even though it was overly â€Å"politically correct†. Conclusion The Audience that viewed the Games might remember the exceptional moments of their national team winning a contest. The key moment for South African audiences viewing the Games was accelerated when the first gold medal was won by South Africa’s Chad le Close for the men’s 200m butterfly final. This, considering that in pre-apartheid South Africa, segregation held a persuasive presence and excluded South Africa from participating in televised events, was seen as a major highlight and tribute to their country for South African fans watching the event. However, viewers are more likely to remember the spectacle version of the opening ceremony that the accumulation of gold medals. The overall impression of a host country is ‘unlikely’ to change due to a well-conducted opening ceremony. London camouflaged its controversial history about the acceleration of World War 1 and unveiled its national features that Britain has to be proud of. Words:  ±2300 References Borger, J. 2011. Iran claims London 2012 Olympics Logo spells the word ‘Zion’. In Guardian. 28 February. Available: http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2011/feb/28/iran-london-olympics-logo-zion [2012, September 04]. Cashman, R. 2002. Impact of the Games on Olympic host cities. Barcelona: Centre d’Estudis Olimpics (UAB). Available: http://olympicstudies. uab. es/lectures/web/pdf/cashman. pdf [2012, September 12] Chateau de Vidy. 2011. Olympic Charter. International Olympic Committee. Switzerland: Lausanne. Available: http://www. olympic. org/Documents/olympic_charter_en. pdf [2010, August 20] Dayan, D and Katz, E. 1992. Defining Media Events: High Holidays of Mass Communication. In Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge (Massachuestts) and London: Harvard University Press. pp1 24 Dayan, D and Katz, E. 1992. Scripting Media Events: Contest, Conquest and Coronation. In Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London: Harvard University Press. pp25 – 53 Debate. org. 2012. Available: http://www. debate. org/opinions/as-a-result-of-the-olympics-is-china-perceived-as-a-more-compassionate-country[2012, September 17] Evans, M. 2010. Mandela and the televised birth of the rainbow nation. In National Identities. Routledge. 12(3): 309 – 306. Available: http://www. tandfonline. com. ezproxy. uct. ac. za/doi/pdf/10. 1080/14608944. 2010. 00327 [2012, September 05] Glenn, I. (forthcoming) Sport and Television. University of Cape Town. South Africa: Cape Town Murdoch, R. 2012. [Twitter update, 28 July] Available: http://twitter. com/rupertmurdoch [2012, September 15] The Olympics. 2012. Opening Ceremony – London 2012 Olympic Games. Available: http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=H2VPSjHnc2E [2012, August 28] The Vigilant Citizen. 2012. The Occult Symbolism of the 2012 Olympics Opening and Closing Ceremonies. In The Vigilant Citizen 17 August. Available: http://vigilantcitizen. com/vigilantreport/the-occult-symbolism-of-the-2012-ol mpics-opening-and-closing-ceremonies/ Waters, W. 2007. Hosting the Olympics and Economic Development –Reality Check. All about cities. 13 July. Available: http://allaboutcities. ca/hosting-the-olympics-and-economic-development-reality-check/ Whannel, G. 2009. Television and the Transformation of Sport. In The End of Television? Its Impact on The World (So Far). E. Katz and P. Scannell. Sage Publications Woods, E. 2012. What the Olympics didn’t say about Britain’s place in the world. [Blog, 31 August]. Available: http://blogs. lse. ac. uk/europpblog/2012/08/31/olympics-britain/ [2012, September 15]